îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÓÏ×ÅÔÙ × ÜÔÏÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ ÓÐÅÃÉÆÉÞÎÙ ÄÌÑ Linux-ÓÉÓÔÅÍ. âÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï ÐÏÄÈÏÄÉÔ ÄÌÑ ×ÓÅÈ UNIX-ÓÉÓÔÅÍ.
õÔÉÌÉÔÁ du.
÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÕ du ÄÌÑ ÏÃÅÎËÉ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á, ÚÁÎÉÍÁÅÍÏÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁÍÉ. îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔØ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ × ÍÅÇÁÂÁÊÔÁÈ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÏ× /var/log É /home ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ:
[root@deep /]# du -sh /var/log /home 3.5M /var/log 350M /home
úÁÐÏÍÎÉÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ×ÙÛÅÐÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎÎÁÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ ÐÏËÁÖÅÔ ÔÅËÕÝÉÊ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÷ÁÛÉÈ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ. óÅÊÞÁÓ, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÷Ù ÕÚÎÁÌÉ, ÞÔÏ /home ÚÁÎÉÍÁÅÔ 350M, ÔÅÐÅÒØ ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÅÒÅÊÔÉ ×ÎÕÔÒØ ÅÇÏ É ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔØ, ÇÄÅ ÒÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÙ ÓÁÍÙÅ ÂÏÌØÛÉÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ:
[root@deep /]# cd /home [root@deep /home]# du -sh * 343M admin 11k ftp 6.8M httpd 12k lost+found 6.0k named 6.0k smbclient 6.0k test 8.0k www
úáíåþáîéå. ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ÜÔÕ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ × ÷ÁÛ ÆÁÊÌ crontab, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÏÌÕÞÁÔØ ÏÔÞÅÔÙ Ï ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á ÐÏ ÐÏÞÔÅ.
ðÏÉÓË ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔÁ, ÐÏ ËÏÔÏÒÏÍÕ ÐÁËÅÔÙ ÐÅÒÅÓÙÌÁÀÔÓÑ Ó ÷ÁÛÅÇÏ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÁ ÎÁ ÕÄÁÌÅÎÎÙÊ.
åÓÌÉ ÷Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÍÁÒÛÒÕÔ, ÐÏ ËÏÔÏÒÏÍÕ ÐÁËÅÔ ÓÌÅÄÕÅÔ ÍÅÖÄÕ ÷ÁÛÉÍ É ÕÄÁÌÅÎÎÙÍ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÏÍ, ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ:
[root@deep /]# traceroute www.redhat.com
traceroute to www.portal.redhat.com (206.132.41.202),
30 hops max, 38 byte packets
1 ppp005.108-253-207.mtl.mt.videotron.net (207.253.108.5) 98.584 ms
1519.806 ms 109.911 ms
2 fa5-1-0.rb02-piex.videotron.net (207.96.135.1) 149.888 ms 89.830 ms
109.914 ms
3 ia-tlpt-bb01-fec1.videotron.net (207.253.253.53) 149.896 ms 99.873 ms
139.930 ms
4 ia-cduc-bb02-ge2-0.videotron.net (207.253.253.61) 99.897 ms 169.863 ms
329.926 ms
5 if-4-1.core1.Montreal.Teleglobe.net (207.45.204.5) 409.895 ms 1469.882 ms
109.902 ms
6 if-1-1.core1.NewYork.Teleglobe.net (207.45.223.109) 189.920 ms 139.852 ms
109.939 ms
7 206.132.150.133 (206.132.150.133) 99.902 ms 99.724 ms 119.914 ms
8 pos1-0-2488M.wr2.CLE1.gblx.net (206.132.111.89) 189.899 ms 129.873 ms
129.934 ms
9 pos8-0-2488m.wr2.kcy1.globalcenter.net (206.132.111.82) 169.890 ms
179.884 ms 169.933 ms
10 206.132.114.77 (206.132.114.77) 199.890 ms 179.771 ms 169.928 ms
11 pos8-0-2488M.wr2.SFO1.gblx.net (206.132.110.110) 159.909 ms 199.959 ms
179.837 ms
12 pos1-0-2488M.cr1.SNV2.gblx.net (208.48.118.118) 179.885 ms 309.855 ms
299.937 ms
13 pos0-0-0-155M.hr2.SNV2.gblx.net (206.132.151.46) 329.905 ms 179.843 ms
169.936 ms
14 206.132.41.202 (206.132.41.202) 2229.906 ms 199.752 ms 309.927 ms
ÇÄÅ www.redhat.com ÉÍÑ ÉÌÉ ip-ÁÄÒÅÓ ÕÄÁÌÅÎÎÏÇÏ ÈÏÓÔÁ.
ëÁË ×Ù×ÏÄÉÔØ ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎ ÓËÏÌØËÏ ÒÁÚ ÏÂÒÁÝÁÌÉÓØ Ë ÷ÁÛÅÍÕ ×ÅÂ-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÕ.
þÔÏÂÙ ÂÙÓÔÒÏ ×Ù×ÅÓÔÉ ÞÉÓÌÏ ÏÂÒÁÝÅÎÉÊ Ë ÷ÁÛÅÍÕ ×ÅÂ-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÕ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ:
[root@deep /]# grep "GET / HTTP" /var/log/httpd/access_log | wc -l 467
ïÄÎÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÁÑ ÏÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÁ ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Á ÓÅÒ×ÉÓÏ×.
ëÁË root ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÏÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÓÅÒ×ÉÓÏ× ÏÄÎÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ:
[root@deep /]# killall httpd smbd nmbd slapd named
÷ÙÛÅÐÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎÎÁÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ ÏÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔ Apache-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ, Samba-ÓÅÒ×ÉÓ, LDAP-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ É DNS-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ.
èÏÔÉÔÅ ÞÔÏÂÙ Õ ×ÓÅÈ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ ××ÅÒÈÕ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÌÁ ×Ù×ÏÄÉÌÉÓØ ÞÁÓÙ?
òÅÄÁËÔÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÆÁÊÌ profile (vi /etc/profile) É ÄÏÂÁ×ØÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ ÓÔÒÏËÕ:
PROMPT_COMMAND='echo -ne "\0337\033[2;999r\033[1;1H\033[00;44m\033[K"\
`date`"\033[00m\0338"'
éÎÓÔÁÌÌÉÒÏ×ÁÎÁ ÌÉ lsof ÎÁ ÷ÁÛÅÍ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÅ?
åÓÌÉ ÎÅÔ, ÔÏ ÉÎÓÔÁÌÌÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÅÅ É ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ lsof -i. ÷Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÐÏÒÔÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÏÔËÒÙÔÙ ÎÁ ÷ÁÛÅÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ. ðÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ lsof, ÜÔÏ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÁÑ ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÇÏ×ÏÒÉÔ, ËÁËÉÅ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÙ ÓÌÕÛÁÀÔ ÎÁ ËÁËÏÍ ÐÏÒÔÕ:
[root@deep /]# lsof -i COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE NODE NAME Inetd 344 root 4u IPv4 327 TCP *:ssh (LISTEN) sendmail 389 root 4u IPv4 387 TCP *:smtp (LISTEN) smbd 450 root 5u IPv4 452 TCP deep.openna.com:netbios-ssn (LISTEN) nmbd 461 root 5u IPv4 463 UDP *:netbios-ns nmbd 461 root 6u IPv4 465 UDP *:netbios-dgm nmbd 461 root 8u IPv4 468 UDP deep.openna.com:netbios-ns nmbd 461 root 9u IPv4 470 UDP deep.openna.com:netbios-dgm named 2599 root 4u IPv4 3095 UDP *:32771 named 2599 root 20u IPv4 3091 UDP localhost.localdomain:domain named 2599 root 21u IPv4 3092 TCP localhost.localdomain:domain (LISTEN) named 2599 root 22u IPv4 3093 UDP deep.openna.com:domain named 2599 root 23u IPv4 3094 TCP deep.openna.com:domain (LISTEN)
úÁÐÕÓË ËÏÍÁÎÄ ÎÁ ÕÄÁÌÅÎÎÏÍ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÅ ÂÅÚ ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÉÑ Ë ÎÅÍÕ ÞÅÒÅÚ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌ ssh.
ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ ssh ÔÁËÖÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄ ÎÁ ÕÄÁÌÅÎÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ ÂÅÚ ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÉÑ Ë ÎÅÊ. òÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÙ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ×Ù×ÏÄÑÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÄÉÓÐÌÅÊ, Á ËÏÎÔÒÏÌØ ×ÏÚ×ÒÁÝÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÌÏËÁÌØÎÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ. úÄÅÓØ ÐÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎ ÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ×Ù×ÏÄÉÔ ×ÓÅÈ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ, ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÎÙÈ Ë ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ:
[admin@deep /]$ ssh mail.openna.com who admin@mail.openna.com's password: root tty1 Dec 2 14:45 admin tty2 Dec 2 14:45 wahib pts/0 Dec 2 11:38
úÁ×ÅÒÛÅÎÉÅ ÉÍÅÎÉ ÆÁÊÌÁ.
ôÁÂÕÌÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÏËÏÎÞÁÎÉÑ ÉÍÅÎÉ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÷ÁÍ ××ÏÄÉÔØ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÞÁÓÔØ ÉÍÅÎÉ. ÷×ÅÄÉÔÅ ÎÁÞÁÌÏ ÉÍÅÎÉ ÆÁÊÌÁ É ÎÁÖÍÉÔÅ ËÌÁ×ÉÛÕ [TAB], ÉÍÑ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÅÎÏ ÚÁ ÷ÁÓ. åÓÌÉ ÂÏÌØÛÅ, ÞÅÍ ÏÄÉÎ ÆÁÊÌ ÉÌÉ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ ÐÏÄÈÏÄÑÔ, ÔÏ ÒÁÚÄÁÓÔÓÑ Ú×ÕËÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÇÎÁÌ, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÐÏ×ÔÏÒÎÏÇÏ ÎÁÖÁÔÉÑ [TAB] ÷Ù ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔÅ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÐÏÄÈÏÄÑÝÉÈ ÉÍÅÎ.
óÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÙÅ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÙ.
÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÂÙÓÔÒÏ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ÚÁÄÁÞÉ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÄÅÌÁÅÔÅ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÑ "ÂÙÓÔÒÙÅ ËÌÁ×ÉÛÉ": ÏÄÎÕ ÉÌÉ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ËÌÁ×ÉÛ, ÎÁÖÁÔÉÅ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÎÁ ËÌÁ×ÉÁÔÕÒÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÔ ÚÁÄÁÞÕ. îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÙÅ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÙ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÙ × ÷ÁÛÅÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ:
Control-d: åÓÌÉ ÷Ù ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÅÓØ × ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÍ ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÔÏÒÅ É ÎÁÖÍÅÔÅ control-d, ÔÏ ÏÔËÌÀÞÉÔÅÓØ ÏÔ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ (logged off).
Control-l: åÓÌÉ ÷Ù ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÅÓØ × ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÍ ÉÎÔÅÒÐÒÅÔÁÔÏÒÅ É ÎÁÖÍÅÔÅ control-l, ÔÏ ÷Ù ÏÞÉÓÔÉÔÅ ÜËÒÁÎ.
?: üÔÏ ÇÒÕÐÐÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌ. ïÎ ×ÙÓÔÕÐÁÅÔ ËÁË ÅÄÉÎÉÞÎÙÊ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌ. åÓÌÉ ÷Ù ÚÁÄÁÄÉÔÅ × ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÅ ÞÔÏ-ÔÏ ÐÏÄÏÂÎÏÅ m?b, ÔÏ Linux ÎÁÊÄÅÔ mob, mib, mub É ÌÀÂÙÅ ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÂÕË×Ù/ÃÉÆÒÙ ÍÅÖÄÕ a-z É 0-9.
*: üÔÏÔ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌ ×ÙÓÔÕÐÁÅÔ ËÁË ÌÀÂÙÅ ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÙ. åÓÌÉ ÷Ù ÚÁÄÁÄÉÔÅ mi*, ÔÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ mit, mim, miiii, miya É ×ÓÅ ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÓÌÏ×Á, ÎÁÞÉÎÁÀÝÉÅÓÑ Ó mi. m*l ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ mill, mull, ml É ×ÓÅÍÕ, ÞÔÏ ÎÁÞÉÎÁÅÔÓÑ Ó m É ÚÁËÁÎÞÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÁ l.
[]: ïÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÅÔ ÄÉÁÐÁÚÏÎ. åÓÌÉ Ñ ÚÁÐÒÁÛÉ×ÁÀ m[o,u,i]m, ÔÏ Linux ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÅÔ: mim, mum, mom, ÅÓÌÉ Ñ ÚÁÄÁÀ: m[a-d]m, ÔÏ ÜÔÏ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ: mam, mbm, mcm, mdm. óÉÍ×ÏÌÙ [], ? É * ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔÓÑ ÐÒÉ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÉ, ÕÄÁÌÅÎÉÉ É ÐÒÏÓÍÏÔÒÅ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇÏ×.
úáíåþáîéå. ÷ Linux ×ÓÅ ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÔ ÏÔ ÒÅÇÉÓÔÒÁ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÏ×. éÚ-ÚÁ ÜÔÏÇÏ Bill É bill ÜÔÏ ÎÅ ÏÄÎÏ É ÔÏÖÅ. üÔÏ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÈÒÁÎÉÔØ × ÏÄÎÏ ÍÅÓÔÅ ÒÁÚÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ Ó ÉÍÅÎÁÍÉ Bill, bill, bIll, biLl É Ô. Ä. ôÁË ÞÔÏ, ÐÒÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÅ Ó [], ÷Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔØ ÚÁÇÌÁ×ÎÙÅ ÂÕË×Ù, ÅÓÌÉ × ÌÀÂÏÍ ÉÍÅÎÉ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÏÎÉ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ.